There is a useful article from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh by Max Coleman (18 December 2014), on the three Sorbus species endemic to the Isle of Arran in the Firth of Clyde, western Scotland:
http://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/13616
The trees concerned are the Arran whitebeam , Sorbus arranensis, the Arran service-tree, S. pseudofennica and the Catacol whitebeam, S. pseudomeinichii.
Gozde Hasbal, Tugba Yılmaz Ozden and Ayse Can of the Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University have published (2014) a research article entitled Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Wild service tree) fruits.
http://www.jfda-online.com/article/S1021-9498(14)00098-2/pdf
The article concluded that fruits of S. torminalis have antioxidant and anti-AChE properties and that the plant might be a natural source of antioxidants and AChE inhibitors. (AChE is an abbreviation of acetylcholinesterase. It is an important enzyme in the nervous system of animals. AChE inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ed.).
This was poem of the week in the Times Literary Supplement on 29th July 2014:
Whitebeam
The sixty-miles-per-hour plants, the growth
that lines the summer corridors of sight
along our major roads, the overlooked
backdrop to Preston 37 miles.
Speed camera foliage; the white flowers
of Mays and Junes, the scarlet fruits of autumn
lay wasted in the getting from A to B.
Hymn to forward-thinking and planting schemes,
though some seem in two minds: the greenwood leaves
are white-furred, have a downy underside
as if the heartwood knew in its heart of hearts
the days among beech and oak would lead to these
single file times, these hard postings
and civilised itself with handkerchiefs.
Paul Farley (2003)
There is an account in BSBI News No. 125 January 2014 pages 37-38 by Ian Bennallick and David Pearman of the discovery of the true service tree (Sorbus domestica) growing wild in Cornwall on a cliff in the upper Camel Estuary.
The species has been known in wild situations in the British Isles since 1993 when it was discovered on cliffs in Glamorgan, south Wales. After this it was also found at sites in the lower Wye and Severn Valleys and the debate continues as to whether it is genuinely wild in the UK or has arisen from ancient introductions.
The Cornish example perhaps strengthens the case for its being a native and some of the older literature does mention Cornish sites for the species, though none are specific enough to be followed up.
The April 2014 edition of the New Journal of Botany (Volume 4 Number 1) contains the following article: British Sorbus (Rosaceae): six new species, two hybrids and a new subgenus by T. C. G. Rich, D. Green, L. Houston, M. Lepší, S. Ludwig and J. Pellicer.
The new species are Evans’s Whitebeam (Sorbus evansii), Green’s Whitebeam (S. greenii), Herefordshire Whitebeam (S. herefordensis), Rich’s Whitebeam (S. richii), Sell’s Whitebeam (S. sellii) and Observatory Whitebeam (S. spectans). These all grow around the Severn and Severn estuary and the article gives maps and details of locations with detailed descriptions of the species should anyone want to go and see them.
The new hybrids are Sorbus aucuparia x S. minima where a single example has been found in the Brecon Beacons and Sorbus porrigentiformis x. S. torminalis with two trees on a cliff in Monmouthshire.
All these species and hybrids have been defined as distinct using genetic analysis techniques.
The new subgenus is Triparens, set up to cover the Swedish Whitebeam (Sorbus intermedia) and S. x liljeforsii, the backcross of S. intermedia with S. aucuparia.
Details of the New Journal of Botany are here: http://www.bsbi.org.uk/NJB_Flyer.pdf
There is a paper in the American Journal of Botany for September 2012 by Durkovic et al. on the significance of leaf traits in the evolution of Sorbi.
It is deeply scientific as this excerpt from the abstract will show "A recently developed atomic force microscopy technique, PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping, was used to characterize the topography of cell wall surfaces of tracheary elements and to map the reduced Young’s modulus of elasticity."
Further details at: http://www.amjbot.org/content/early/2012/08/23/ajb.1100593.abstract
An open air sculpture has been created in the churchyard of St. John the Baptist church in Chester, UK, as a place for reflection. The sculpture was created by Nick Horrigan using wood from a diseased whitebeam tree that grew on the site of what was St James's chapel, a place of pilgrimage.
The species of whitebeam has not, so far as I know, been given but, from the size of the wood, it might have been a Swedish whitebeam, Sorbus intermedia.
There is a red sandstone rock in the centre that can be used as a seat.
An Armenian whitebeam, Sorbus hajastana, described as a rare and endangered palaeoendemic of the Caucasus, has featured on an Armenian coin.
In March 2011 the Central Bank of Armenia issued this commemorative silver coin designed by Eduard Kurghinyan featuring the “Aroseni Hayastanyan” (Armenian sorb).
The specific name of the tree derives from the word Hayastan which is what Armenians call Armenia.
Whitebeam palest green
Insect haven quickening tree
Hard white core : Witchwood
Haiku by
Mike Jones
There is a lovely recipe for wild service vodka (Aufgesetzten aus Elsbeeren) here:
The German word Aufgesetzten does not appear to have an exact English translation, but having spoken to several fluent German speakers it seems to mean something like a 'pick-me-up' or, as my Northumbrian friend David Copeland would have said, a 'livener'. It seems that one could make Aufgesetzten with any spirit and any fruit, though wild service berries should be particularly good as they combine apricot flavours from the fruit pulp and almond flavours from the seeds.
The recipe is at the end of the web site referenced above and I have translated it as follows:
To make the Aufgesetzten pound 400 grams of wild service berries in a non-metallic vessel. Let the pounded pulp stand and ferment in a warm place for a week then put the pulp in a linen cloth (jelly bag) and squeeze the juice out.
Mix the juice with an equal quantity of vodka (at least 40% alcohol by volume), then mix the remaining pulp with 1/4 litre of vodka and filter the liquid off from this after two weeks.
Mix the two juices together and stir in three tablespoons of honey.
Leave at room temperature for one year before drinking.
One problem here is that the recipe does not specify whether the berries should be in their unripe and hard condition, or soft and ripe - probably the latter -though, if you can afford the vodka, it might be worth trying both and also experimenting with the fruit of other Sorbi.
There is a book called Birds and Berries by Barbara and David Snow (1988) that has useful details on the different wild birds that that eat the fruit and seeds of rowans, whitebeams and wild service trees as well as those of other of other plants. See here:
The Snows made their observations between 1980 and 1985 in Buckinghamshire and the adjacent parts of Hertfordshire in central southern England.
Not surprisingly the commoner British fruit- and seed-eating birds are the main culprits and, while they undoubtedly reduce the overall burden of seed available for germination, they also help to spread them.
In the case of the wild service (Sorbus torminalis) bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) were particularly active seed eaters. Redwings (Turdus iliacus) and song thrushes (Turdus philomelos) swallowed the whole fruit. There is, however, no mention of mistle thrushes (Turdus viscivorus), that are reported as being very fond of the berries to the extent that a pair will 'guard' a tree and drive off any new arrivals.
The Snows suggest that a poor dispersal of the wild service could be a consequence of "unsuccessful competition with other plants" (meaning that birds are more attracted to various other fruits available when the services were ripe) combined with the high level of seed predation and that this might account for the species' relative scarcity. However, they also say that the fruit normally has only one seed, making seed predation more of a problem than for species with more than one seed. In my experience, though, the wild service often has three or even four seeds per fruit.
A firm called 'Jewel Thief' in Brighton, UK, that specialises in contemporary designer jewellery has produced an acrylic bangle with a hand printed whitebeam leaf motif.
Another Finnish rock group has turned up on my radar, this time called 'Sorbus Absurdus'.
Their music is deliberately rough and raunchy and their name, no doubt, a reference to the now discontinued Finnish Sorbus drink made out of sweet wine and rowan berries.
A Google search will bring forth many of their recorded numbers but it is, as I say, rough and raunchy, so you have been warned.
Browsing through Edward Connold's 1901 book British vegetable galls, I came across this picture.
Clearly the leaves of a wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis) galled by the mite Eriophyes torminalis. However, the caption says "Leaves of Viburnum Opulus [guelder rose] GALLED BY Eriophyes Viburni" which decidedly is not correct.
Connold lived in St Leonards-on-Sea, only a few miles from my home, and was a great expert on plant galls. In a way his error shows how easy it is to overlook wild service trees, which still grow in St Leonards, or to mistake them for something else.
I was wandering about the house in the small hours when I came upon a book I have had for many years; Perles de la Poésie Française, the 7th edition published in 1906.
Idly opening it somewhere around the middle, I read the first verse of a poem called Les Paysans by André Theuriet and discovered a reference to the wild service tree in the last line:
Le village s’éveille à la corne du pâtre,
Les bêtes et les gens sortent de leur logis;
On les voit cheminer sous le brouillard bleuâtre,
Dans le frisson mouillé des alisiers rougis.
I have done a transliteration, trying to keep the feel of the original:
The whole village wakes to the shepherd's horn,
And the beasts and the people come out of their home places;
Under the blue tinted mist they move, weary and worn
Among the wet shiver of the autumn red sarveses.
I have used the dialect word 'sarveses' for 'alisiers' as 'services' is ambiguous without a wider context.
The poet, André Theuriet, seemed particularly keen on the alisier as illustrated in some of his novels (see my blog entry here for 14 January 2010).
In 1984 the famous Belleek Pottery, an internationally renowned porcelain manufacturing company near Belleek village on the banks of the river Erne in County Fermanagh, N. Ireland, produced a limited edition Christmas plate featuring the Irish whitebeam (Sorbus hibernica) illustrated by artist Wendy Walsh.
The Irish whitebeam is an interesting member of the Aria (whitebeam) section of the genus Sorbus. It is distributed all over the island of Ireland where it is endemic indicating it must have been there for a long while, although its putative parents, Sorbus aria and Sorbus porrigentiformis, do not occur anywhere on the island as native species. So, the tree, an apomictic which now appears to reproduce true from seed, was either transported as a seed to Ireland, perhaps inside a bird, or has survived more successfully than its two parents which may once have grown in Ireland.
There is, incidentally, a traditional Irish recipe for apple and whitebeam berry pie. The berries in question would most likely have been from Sorbus hibernica. A good dish maybe to serve on one of these Belleek plates. See here: http://recipesofireland.blogspot.com/2010/09/apple-and-whitebeam-berry-pie.html
In Co. Fermanagh the Irish whitebeam occurs in mixed ash woods.
These are just bits and pieces of information I gather from time to time. If anyone can provide further details on any of them, I would be grateful.
Hauptman's whitebeam tree is 15.5 metres tall and has a trunk circumference of 285 cm. It is among the tallest trees of its kind in Slovenia.
Bows from rowan and whitebeam wood. Interesting web site here: http://redhawk55.wordpress.com/2010/09/16/bow-staves-vol-1-harvesting-rowan-and-whitebeam/
Sorbus, a Finnish sweet fortified wine flavoured with juice from rowan berries (Sorbus aucuparia), was produced by Altia in Finland between 1935 and 1 January 2011 when it was withdrawn.
People in both Finland and Scotland value the berries of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) for making drinks, preserves and as flavourings. A team of scientists from the University of Helsinki and the Scottish Crop Research Institute have analysed the composition and bioactivity of phenolic compounds found in the fruit of the wild rowan and four hybrid cultivars and published their results in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
The study shows the phenolic compounds, mostly caffeoylquinic acids, have a marked inhibitory effect on some of the commonest bacteria, such as E. coli, associated with human disorders.
An abstract of the paper is available here: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf102739v
The hybrid rowans, known as sweet rowans, have, I think, mostly been developed in Russia and the four studied were Burka, (Sorbus aucuparia x {Sorbus aria x Aronia arbutifolia}), Granatnaja (Sorbus aucuparia x Crataegus sanguinea), Titan or Titaan, (Burka x Malus sp. x Pyrus sp.) and Zoltaja (Sorbus aucuparia x Pyrus sp.).
There are several more of these rowan hybrids as, for example, detailed here: http://myfolia.com/groups/301-interspecies-crossbreeding/topics/2837/posts
